DISEASE
 
   NAME
     Downy Mildew (General)
     Various Downy Mildew Species

Description
Generally Downy Mildew may occur as a result of several fungal species, but have simular symptoms. The fungus is normally host specific.

Symptoms
The upper leaf forms yellowish, green or translucent patches that become enlarged and eventually the leaf turns yellowish-brown, wilts and dies. It can extend down the petioles onto the plant causing it to collapse and on the underside of the patches downy spores form, these may be grey to mauve or brown to purplish. 

The Downy Mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) forms pale green spots on the upper surface of the leaves with corresponding white felty areas on the underside. The affected leaves contract, turn brown and die; commonly found on Senecio species.

Downy Mildew in Rose (Peronospora sparsa). Angular purplish to dark brown spots or areas develop on the upper leaf surface and under humid conditions, the underside of these areas develop fury fruiting bodies. Young and heavily infected leaves turn brown and fall. The flowers stalks and stems are also attacked with purplish blotches or streaks that may cause them to split. Young growth that is infected dies off and if the flowers are affected in bud blooms become deformed when open.
The spores overwinter on infected plants and fallen leaves and are dispersed by wind infecting new growth during spring.

Downy Mildew in Stocks (Peronospora parasitica). The upper leaf forms yellowish green patches that become enlarged and eventually the leaf becomes yellow, then wilts and dies. It also infects the stems and on the underside of the leaves patches downy grey to mauve-white pustules form where the spores are arranged in rows. This fungus is soil born and commonly dispersed by infected plants.

Source and Dispersal
It is normally found or dispersed on other infected plants. The spores are also spread by wind but are unable to germinate in dry conditions, requiring moisture on the leaf and a humid environment to grow.

Favoured Conditions
It prefers warm humid days with cool nights and spread quickly in closely planted seedlings or plants.

Affected Plants
A wide range of vegetables, annuals, perennials and shrubs are affected. Plants such as stocks and seedlings are at most risk commonly causing the plant to collapse and die. 

Aster species are infected by the downy mildew (Basidiophora entospora).

Mathiola incana and Arabis species is infected by (Peronospora parasitica) causing stunting with downy mold on the underside of the leaves. Seedlings are at most risk commonly causing the plants to collapse and die.

Rudbeckia species are infected by the downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) causing yellowing of the foliage, wilting and in some cases death of the plant.

Turf Grasses are susceptible to the downy mildew (Scleropthora macrospore), which may not appear downy on the leaves but leaves affected are stunted, thickened or become broad and only under severe cases small yellow patches up to 100mm wide appear in the turf. 

Veronica species are infected by the downy mildew (Peronospora grisea). Symptoms include leaves form pale spots on the upper surface while greyish mildew forms correspondingly on the underside.

Viola species ate infected with (Bremiella megasperma) which forms irregular greyish spots on the upper surface and felt-like growth on the underside.

Non-chemical Control
Infected plants must be removed and destroyed and avoid over planting seedbeds. Avoid watering from above or over watering to reduce humidity.  When planting out space the plants to allow good air circulation as a dry atmosphere halts or reduces the infection. Select resistant plant species when planting.
Improve drainage and aeration of the soil in affected Turf grasses and avoid overwatering.

Chemical Control
With seedlings drench the soil with a systemic root absorbing fungicide such as furalaxy. Plants can be sprayed with a protectant fungicide such as copper oxychloride or zineb if the weather conditions are favourable for fungal attack. Be certain to thoroughly cover the under side of the leaves.