Propagation
Stratify fresh seeds for 2 to 3 months during winter then sow in spring.

Cuttings of non-flowering shoots during summer.


Botanic information
Leaf: The dark green leaves are ovate to oblong with 10-14 pairs of veins on the upper surface and pubescent on the underside. The apex is acuminate and the variable petiole is reddish and up to 40mm (1? in)long. The base is broad cuneate to truncate and the leaves turn yellow during autumn before falling.

Flower: The male and female catkins are produced separately on the same tree. The yellow brown male catkins are pendant up to 120mm (5 in) long and appear after the smaller, 12mm (˝ in) long female catkins during spring.

Fruit: The small nut is arranged in a cylindrical cone-like structure that is pendant. The small seeds are viable but the species often hybridise and to maintain continuity it is commonly reproduced vegetatively.


General pruning information
This tree require little pruning. Remove dead or damaged branches during summer and pruning during winter should be avoided as it encourages silver leaf disease. Spring pruning may give rise to sap bleeding.