Propagation
Sow fresh seed during autumn in situ or in a deep container and commonly no scarification is required. Maintain a temperature of 19ş to 27ş C. (66ş to 81ş F) during spring and keep moist.

The seeds lose viability quickly so do not allow the seeds to dry out. Plant out as soon as possible as the tree dislikes root disturbance.

General pruning information
Train to a single leader and cut back unwanted branches to the collar. The crown may be lifted or thinned to allow light to penetrate. Once established they require little pruning apart from removal or dead or damaged branches.


Botanic information
Leaf: The glossy dark green leaves are obovate to oval with large pointed serrations along the margin. The underside is felty light green and the leaf texture is stiff-leathery. The petiole is short and the apex is acute with a sharp point.

Flower: The staminate (male) flowers have up to 4-12-stamens and are arranged on slender pendulous catkins (spike-like). The female flowers are solitary or in small spike appearing in the leaf axils. Both appear on the current or previous season growth during spring.

Fruit: The long skinny acorn is solitary or in pairs with a brown (cap) involucre that covers one third of the fruit.