Propagation
Sow fresh seed during autumn in situ or in a deep container and commonly no scarification is required. Maintain a temperature of 19ş to 27ş C. (66ş to 81ş F) during spring and keep moist. The seeds lose viability quickly so do not allow the seeds to dry out. Plant out as soon as possible as the tree dislikes root disturbance.

General pruning information
Train to a single leader and cut back unwanted branches to the collar. The crown may be lifted or thinned to allow light to penetrate. Once established they require little pruning apart from removal or dead or damaged branches.


Botanic information
Leaf: The dark green leaves are obovate to ovate with 4 to 9 pairs of small rounded lobes along the undulating margin. The apex is acute; petiole is short and pubescent on the underside. The reddish brown imbricate buds are conical and covered in whitish pubescence.

Flower: The staminate (male) flowers have up to 6-stamens and are arranged on slender pendulous catkins (spike-like). The female flowers are solitary or arrange in small spike in the leaf axils. Both appear on the current or previous season growth during spring.

Fruit: The ovoid acorn is solitary with a brown (cap) involucre with spreading scales that covers one half of the fruit.