Propagation
Stratify fresh seeds for 2 to 3 months during winter then sow in spring.

Cuttings of non-flowering shoots during summer.


Botanic information
Leaf: The dark green leaves are ovate to deltoid with an acuminate apex and a truncate base. The petiole is up to 40mm (1˝in) long and the margin is unevenly coarsely serrated. The 10mm (?in) long imbricate smooth brown bud appears in the axils.

Flower: The slender pendulous yellow-brown male catkins are up to 100mm (4in) long. They appear during autumn and open during spring, with the new leaves. The upright female catkins disintegrate when producing seed in early summer.

Fruit: The small nut is arranged in a cone-like structure. The small seeds are viable but the species often hybridise. To maintain continuity it is commonly reproduced vegetatively.


General pruning information
These trees require little pruning. Remove dead or damaged branches during summer and pruning during winter should be avoided as it can encourage silver leaf disease. Spring pruning may give rise to sap bleeding.