Propagation
Stratify fresh seeds for 2 to 3 months during winter then sow in spring.
Cuttings of non-flowering shoots during summer.

General pruning information
These trees require little pruning. Remove dead or damaged branches during summer and pruning during winter should be avoided as it can encourage silver leaf disease. Spring pruning may give rise to sap bleeding.


Botanic information
Leaf: The mid-green ovate leaves have margins that are unevenly coarsely serrated and the apex is acuminate. The slender petiole is up to 20mm (ľin) long and the base is broadly cuneate. During autumn the leaves turn yellowish before falling.

Flower: The slender pendulous yellow-brown male catkins are up to 60mm (2˝in) long. They appear during spring with the new leaves. The upright female catkins disintegrate when producing seed in early summer.

Fruit: The small nut-like fruit is arranged in a cone-like structure. The small seeds are viable but the species often hybridise. To maintain continuity it is commonly reproduced vegetatively.