Propagation
Sow fresh seed during autumn in situ or in a deep container and commonly no scarification is required. Maintain a temperature of 19ş to 27ş C. (66ş to 81ş F) during spring and keep moist.

The seeds lose viability quickly so do not allow the seeds to dry out. Plant out as soon as possible as the tree dislikes root disturbance.

General pruning information
Train to a single leader and cut back unwanted branches to the collar. The crown may be lifted or thinned to allow light to penetrate. Once established they require little pruning apart from removal or dead or damaged branches.


Botanic information
Leaf: The glossy dark green leaves are oblong-elliptical to obovate with 5 to 9-obtuse lobes along each margin. The petiole is up to 25mm (1in) long and the leaves are slightly violet when young maturing glossy green on the upper surface and glaucous beneath. During autumn the leaves turn deep red and persist into winter.

The reddish-brown buds are imbricate up to 6mm (Ľin) long with slightly pubescent scales.

Flower: The staminate (male) flowers have 6-stamens and are arranged on slender pendulous catkins (spike-like). The female flowers are solitary or in a small axillary cluster. Both appear on the current or previous season`s growth during spring.

Fruit: The solitary acorn is ovoid to oblong and may be sessile. The (saucer base) involucre covers one third of the acorn and has raised bumpy scales. The seed is ready to germinate when ripe within the first year and has little or no dormancy period.