Propagation
Seeds require scarification by nicking the seed coat and soaking in water for 24 hours prior to sowing.

Stratify fresh seeds for 2 to 3 months at 5ş C (41şF) then sow in spring and maintain a temperature of 12ş to 15ş C. (55ş to 59ş F).

Bud during late summer on to root stock.


Botanic information
Leaf: The glabrous ovate leaves have a slender petiole with a cordate base and an acuminate apex. They are dark green on the upper surface and blue-green below.

Flower: The small crateriform flowers are arranged in an axillary cyme that has a peduncle with a whitish elliptical bract that persists until the fruit is dispersed. They appear during midsummer.

Fruit: The nut-like capsule has a peduncle that is attached to a broad membranaceous bract, which helps with wind dispersal of the fruit.

General pruning information
Tolerates pruning to maintain a smaller size for street planting during summer allowing the wounds to heal. As a tree, train to a single leader and remove dead or damaged branches back to the collar.