Propagation
Sow fresh seed during autumn in situ or in a deep container and commonly no scarification is required. Maintain a temperature of 19ş to 27ş C. (66ş to 81ş F) during spring and keep moist.

The seeds lose viability quickly so do not allow the seeds to dry out. Plant out as soon as possible as the tree dislikes root disturbance.

Graft plants during late winter to early spring.

Botanic information
Leaf: The leaf margin may be entire or slightly lobed and spiny. The shape varies from broad-lanceolate to elliptical and the leaf has a leathery texture with yellowish undersides.

Flower: The staminate (male) flowers have 6-stamens; arranged on slender pendulous catkins (spike-like). The female flowers are solitary or in a small cluster in the leaf axils. Both appear on the current or previous season`s growth from late spring the early summer and the tree is monoecious.

Fruit: The acorn is cylindrical, either tapering to a point or is conical and is half enclosed by its cup. It takes up to two years to mature and seeds require protection from vermin when being stored.

General pruning information
Train to a single leader and cut back unwanted branches to the collar. The crown may be lifted or thinned to allow light to penetrate. Once established they require little pruning apart from removal or dead or damaged branches.