Propagation
Divide the rhizomes in to lengths and plant upward with bottom heat and keep moist. Place spores on sterilised sphagnum moss or peat moss and cover with glass and keep moist. In 4 to 6 weeks the prothallus appears.

Botanic information
Leaf: The leathery textured glossy dark green fronds are tripinnate to quadripinnate and the young fronds are a vivid green in colour.

Flower: The underside of the finer fertile fronds have a cup-shaped indusia with 1 to 5 sori that are as wide as they are long and appear along the margins during summer.

Fruit: The spores are produced in the sporangium during the sporophyte stage of the fern life cycle in rows on the back of the fertile frond. The spores are very small (like fine dust) and are released from the sori when mature and dispersed by wind or water.